+150 Organizations Call for 18-Month Extension and Redesignation of Temporary Protected Status for Burma (Myanmar)
President Donald J. Trump
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20500
Secretary Kristi Noem
U.S. Department of Homeland Security
301 7th Street SW Washington, DC 2052
Secretary Marco Rubio
U.S. Department of State
2201 C Street NW Washington, DC 20520
Dear President Trump, Secretary Noem, and Secretary Rubio,
We are writing today to respectfully urge the Administration to extend and redesignate Temporary Protected Status (TPS) for Burma. Over 150 national, state, and local religious freedom, human rights, and civil society organizations have joined this request, calling on Secretary Noem to (1) provide an 18-month extension for current TPS holders from Burma, (2) expand the protections to more recently arrived Burmese individuals present in the United States by redesignating Burma for TPS, (3) provide a 180-day registration period for beneficiaries under the redesignation and the current designation’s extension, and (4) publish a timely notice in the Federal Register to avoid employment disruptions and other hardships that may result from any delays.
The call for an extension and redesignation of TPS for Burma comes in the wake of a devastating earthquake and escalating violence. Burma continues to face political turmoil, civil war, and mass displacement.1 Since the 2021 military coup, armed conflict has forced over three million people from their homes.2 Nearly 20 million people required humanitarian assistance before the earthquake, and that number is now expected to increase significantly in its aftermath.3
When TPS for Burma was last extended and redesignated in March 2024, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) estimated that approximately 2,300 individuals were eligible under the existing designation, with an additional 7,300 expected to become newly eligible. 4 At the end of the first quarter of Fiscal Year 2025, only about 3,000 individuals had received TPS under the 2024 redesignation—well below the initial estimate.5,6
While updated figures are not publicly available and likely fluctuate due to factors such as green card adjustments and new arrivals, the number of additional individuals who could benefit from redesignation is estimated to range between 1,000 and 3,000. This designation would not only provide much-needed stability for the individuals and families affected but also contribute positively to local communities and economies.7 Moreover, the relatively modest number of potential beneficiaries reflects a targeted, measured approach that aligns with the Administration’s broader strategy to manage migration in a responsible and orderly manner, while advancing regional stability and foreign policy objectives.
I. Temporary Protected Status
TPS is a humanitarian tool that permits nationals of designated countries to remain in the United States while conditions in their home country prevent safe return. Under the Immigration and Nationality Act, the Secretary of Homeland Security may designate a country for TPS due to ongoing armed conflict, environmental disaster, or other extraordinary and temporary conditions.8
TPS beneficiaries are authorized to remain in the United States during the designated period and may apply for employment authorization documents (EADs). While TPS does not provide a pathway to permanent residency or citizenship, it offers essential, life-saving protection on a temporary basis to individuals who would otherwise face dangerous or life-threatening conditions if returned.
II. Country Conditions in Burma that Make Safe Returns Impossible
A. Environmental disaster
The recent 7.7-magnitude earthquake that struck Burma on March 28, 2025, has compounded an already dire humanitarian crisis.9 Even before the earthquake, 3.5 million people were internally displaced due to ongoing conflict.10 The disaster caused significant casualties and widespread damage to infrastructure–further exacerbating the challenges faced by a population already burdened by armed conflict and political instability since the 2021 military coup.11
As of late April, reports indicate nearly 3,800 fatalities and more than 5,000 injuries.12 The earthquake led to the collapse of buildings, including hospitals and homes, displacing thousands more and leaving many without access to essential services.13 Critical infrastructure has also been severely damaged, hindering access to food, clean water, and medical care.14,15 The destruction of roads and communication networks has further complicated relief efforts.
The overlap of conflict zones and earthquake-affected areas has made it difficult to deliver aid safely and effectively. The junta has been accused of blocking aid while carrying out ongoing airstrikes,16 prompting international calls for unimpeded access to humanitarian assistance, including for earthquake survivors.17 Although the military junta and resistance groups announced a temporary ceasefire on April 2 to facilitate relief and reconstruction efforts, fighting has continued, complicating humanitarian relief efforts further.18 On April 10, a United Nations (UN) expert called for emergency Security Council action to address ceasefire violations19 in the wake of the earthquake.20
TPS is urgently needed to protect Burmese nationals in the United States from being returned to a country still recovering from a major environmental disaster. The Burmese Government’s inability or unwillingness to provide equitable and timely relief amid ongoing conflict, displacement, and natural disaster demonstrates that the conditions preventing safe return to Burma are both ongoing and extraordinary.
These failures are not new. The aftermath of Cyclone Mocha in May 2023 parallels the current crisis and underscores the junta’s limited capacity to respond effectively to large-scale natural disasters. In 2023, the storm devastated parts of Rakhine State and other regions, displacing over 800,000 people and exacerbating preexisting humanitarian crises, particularly for ethnic minorities like the Rohingya.21 Aid was obstructed or delayed by the military, and access to affected areas remained highly restricted, leaving many without food, shelter, or medical care.22 The international community witnessed firsthand how the regime’s weaponization of humanitarian assistance prolonged suffering and hindered recovery. In the aftermath of the March 2025 earthquake, the same patterns are emerging.
B. Ongoing armed conflict
In February 2021, the Burmese military overthrew the elected government in a coup, alleging fraud and irregularities in the November 2020 elections.23 The coup was followed by the transfer of all executive, legislative, and judicial authority to the State Administration Council, an authoritarian military-run administrative organization.24
The coup led to widespread civil disobedience and pro-democracy movements. Protesters were met with violence from military forces. Journalists, activists, and ordinary people continue to risk criminal charges and detention for voicing dissent. Verified reports indicate that the military junta has detained nearly 30,000 civilians, killing more than 6,500 of those in custody.25
Since the military coup, Burma has been gripped by widespread and escalating armed conflict. The junta’s violent crackdown on dissent, coupled with resistance from pro-democracy groups and ethnic armed organizations, has led to a near-constant state of civil war. Civilians have borne the brunt of the violence, with reports of indiscriminate airstrikes, mass arrests, torture, rape, extrajudicial killing, mortar shelling, crossfire, and landmines in regions where the junta is attempting to assert its force over resistance groups.26
The conflict shows no signs of abating. The scale, severity, and geographic spread of violence have rendered large portions of the country unstable and unsafe. Civilians remain at constant risk of persecution, conscription, and violent reprisal. These conditions make it impossible for Burmese nationals currently in the United States to return to their country safely.
C. Ethnic and religious persecution and other extraordinary conditions
In addition to the earthquake recovery, ongoing armed conflict, and humanitarian crisis, Burma continues to experience additional extraordinary and temporary conditions that prevent the safe return of its nationals. These include deeply entrenched ethnic and religious persecution and new legal threats to civilians, such as the military’s reactivation of a conscription law.
Ethnic minorities in Burma continue to face systemic discrimination, arbitrary detention, and violence.27 The Rohingya,28 in particular, remain subject to state-sanctioned discriminatory and segregationist policies, with over 600,000 confined to camps and villages in Rakhine State under severe movement restrictions.29 Countless examples of exclusion, statelessness, and abuse have been well-documented by international human rights bodies and remain unresolved. Security forces have been accused of committing atrocities, including mass killings and sexual violence, against the Rohingya population.30
Religious minorities, including Christians and Muslims, have also been deliberately targeted by the Burmese military. Churches have been bombed, pastors and other religious leaders detained, and entire communities displaced under the pretext of counterinsurgency operations.31 International actors, including the United States,32 have condemned the military’s persecution of Christians and called for an end to the bombing and raiding of churches.33,34 These patterns of persecution, rooted in longstanding discrimination and fueled by the junta’s efforts to maintain control, continue to create grave risks for returnees.
Compounding these dangers is the junta’s sudden enforcement of a 2010 conscription law in early 2024, which requires men aged 18 to 35 and women aged 18 to 27 to serve in the military for up to five years.35 For certain professional categories, such as medical doctors and engineers, the age range extends from 18 to 45 for men and 18 to 35 for women, with a service requirement of up to three years.36 Its activation sparked widespread fear, panic, and flight among young people and professionals across the country.37 Thousands attempted to flee Burma to avoid forced conscription into a military that is itself responsible for mass atrocities, risking three to five years in prison and a fine.38
Amid the enforcement of the conscription law, Burma’s military junta has been soliciting bribes from individuals seeking to avoid mandatory military service. Reports indicate that even after paying these illicit fees, some individuals are still conscripted.39 This exploitation exacerbates the financial strain on families already grappling with an economic downturn and the aftermath of a devastating earthquake.
This law was dormant for over a decade but is now being enforced to address recruitment shortfalls amid mounting battlefield losses. The junta’s apparent desperation may signal the weakening of its grip on power and a potential shift toward a democratic transition.
The compounded hardships and extraordinary and temporary conditions—including systemic persecution and the threat of forced military service—make return not only dangerous but untenable. The Department of State currently designates Burma as a Level 4: Do Not Travel country, citing civil unrest, armed conflict, and arbitrary enforcement of local laws40—clear indicators of the country’s instability and the risks returnees would face. TPS is urgently needed to protect Burmese nationals from these threats and ensure they are not forced to return to a country where their lives and freedoms are at risk.
III. TPS for Burma Aligns with U.S. Foreign Policy and Strategic Interests
Designating and extending TPS for Burma is not only a humanitarian imperative but also aligns with the United States’ broader foreign policy goals of promoting regional stability, democracy, and human rights. Since the 2021 military coup, the U.S. Government has consistently condemned the actions of the Burmese military junta and supported the people of Burma in their struggle for democracy.
On January 31, 2025, several governments—including the United States—issued a joint statement condemning the military regime’s escalating violence against civilians, including human rights violations, sexual and gender-based violence, and the systematic persecution and discrimination of religious and ethnic minorities.41
Since the military coup in 2021, the United States has led international efforts to use sanctions, diplomatic engagement, and other tools to pressure the military regime to return Burma to the path to democracy.42 Recent sanctions on other militia groups in May 2025 reflect both the deteriorating security situation and ongoing U.S. engagement in Burma, where human trafficking, cross-border smuggling, and violence by multiple armed actors have made return unsafe for civilians.43
Through bipartisan legislation, Congress has worked to hold perpetrators accountable for their crimes. The Burma Unified through Rigorous Military Accountability Act of 2022 (BURMA Act) authorized the U.S. Government to impose further sanctions against the post-coup regime and provide aid to Burma’s opposition and resistance groups.44 It also equipped the United States with additional tools to support pro-democracy actors in Burma. Bipartisan legislation introduced in 2025 aims to expand the BURMA Act’s provisions, reinforce U.S. efforts to hold perpetrators accountable for human rights abuses, and support democratic governance in Burma.45
In parallel, the United States has committed significant humanitarian assistance to Burma. Recently, the United States committed $9 million to support earthquake recovery efforts.46 U.S. aid has supported emergency relief for displaced communities, healthcare services, food security, and civil society organizations working with persecuted religious and ethnic minorities. This aid reflects a recognition of the immense suffering inflicted by natural disasters and conflict and a commitment to alleviating human suffering and supporting long-term stability in the region.
TPS complements these actions by protecting Burmese nationals already present in the United States—individuals who would face grave danger if forced to return. Offering TPS sends a powerful message of solidarity with the people of Burma and reinforces the U.S. position that the country is not safe for return. It also upholds American values and a commitment to security and prosperity, serving as an example to other countries.
IV. Conclusion
Given the compounded crises of a natural disaster, ongoing armed conflict, persecution of ethnic and religious minorities, and other extraordinary conditions, it is evident that Burmese nationals cannot safely return to their country at this time. If returned, Burmese nationals in the United States would face a heightened risk of being targeted by the military for their perceived association with the United States.
Extending and redesignating TPS for Burma would provide necessary protection for Burmese nationals in the United States, allowing them to remain until conditions in their home country improve. This action would also align with foreign interests and democratic principles and demonstrate the United States’ commitment to supporting vulnerable populations in times of crisis.
As highlighted above, the country conditions in Burma meet the statutory requirements for the extension and redesignation of TPS. We urge President Trump, Secretary Noem, Secretary Rubio, and other relevant decision-makers in the Administration to review country conditions and grant an 18-month extension and redesignation for eligible individuals. We also urge the Administration to show its strength by continuing to support Burmese nationals and expanding the protections to individuals who arrived in the United States after the last designation, as the ongoing armed conflict and extraordinary and temporary conditions persist and deteriorate.
We also request a 180-day registration period for beneficiaries under the extension and redesignation. Lastly, we request a timely publication of the Federal Register Notice to avoid employment disruptions and other hardships that may result from any delays.
We welcome the opportunity for continued dialogue and would appreciate the chance to meet with the Administration to discuss the current conditions in Burma that warrant an 18-month extension and redesignation of Temporary Protected Status. For further information or to arrange a meeting, please contact Aaron Nodjomian-Escajeda (aescajeda@refugees.org), Senior Policy Analyst at the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI).
National Organizations
1. 21Wilberforce
2. African Communities Together (ACT)
3. African Immigration Initiative
4. Alianza Americas
5. Alliance for Peacebuilding
6. American Baptist Home Mission Societies
7. American Friends Service Committee (AFSC)
8. Amnesty International USA
9. Arab American Institute
10. Asian American Christian Collaborative (AACC)
11. Asian Americans Advancing Justice | AAJC
12. Baptist World Alliance / Cooperative Baptist Fellowship
13. Boat People SOS (BPSOS)
14. Boston Free Burma
15. Burma Advocacy Group
16. Burma Advocacy Group Youth & Young Adult Working Group
17. Burma Campaign UK
18. Burma Canadian Network
19. Burma Research Institute
20. Campaign for a New Myanmar
21. CASA
22. Catholic Legal Immigration Network, Inc. (CLINIC)
23. Center for Gender & Refugee Studies
24. Center for Law and Social Policy
25. Center for Victims of Torture
26. Chin Baptist Association, North America
27. Chin Baptist Churches, USA
28. Christian Freedom International
29. Church of Scientology National Affairs Office
30. Church World Service
31. Communities United for Status & Protection (CUSP)
32. Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd, U.S. Provinces
33. Dominican Sisters of Sparkill
34. Emgage Action
35. Fortify Rights
36. Friends Committee on National Legislation
37. Friends of Thien Am Monastery
38. Genocide Watch
39. Global Hope Myanmar
40. Global Refuge
41. Haitian Bridge Alliance
42. Helping Hands for Burma
43. Human Rights and Grassroots Development Society
44. Human Rights First
45. Human Rights Watch
46. Immigrant Justice Network
47. Immigrant Legal Resource Center
48. Immigrants Act Now
49. INMSR (International Network For Myanmar Spring Revolution)
50. Institute for Asian Democracy
51. International Campaign for the Rohingya
52. Jewish World Watch
53. Jubilee Campaign USA
54. Justice For All – Burma Task Force
55. Kachin Alliance
56. Kachin Baptist Churches USA
57. Karen Organization of America
58. Lantos Foundation for Human Rights & Justice
59. Law and Liberty Trust
60. Maryknoll Office for Global Concerns
61. Muslim Advocates
62. Myanmar Emergency Fund-Canada
63. NALDEF, Nicaraguan American Legal Defense and Education Fund
64. National Advocacy Center of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd
65. National Conference of Burmese-American Catholics
66. National Employment Law Project
67. National Immigration Law Center (NILC)
68. National Korean American Service and Education Consortium
69. No Business With Genocide
70. Path of YahRA 71. Peace and Justice Committee of CBCUSA
72. Prayer Pioneers
73. Presente.org
74. Refugee Congress
75. Refugee Council USA
76. Refugees International
77. Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights
78. Save Myanmar – USA
79. School Sisters of Notre Dame, Central Pacific Province
80. Sisters of Charity, BVM
81. Southeast Asia Resource Action Center (SEARAC)
82. Students for Free Burma
83. U.S. Campaign for Burma
84. U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI)
85. Unitarian Universalist Service Committee
86. Unitarian Universalists for Social Justice
87. United States Chin Coalition (USCC)
88. US Advocacy Coalition for Myanmar USACM
89. Venezuelan American Caucus
90. We Are All America (WAAA)
91. Wilson Professor
92. Witness at the Border
93. Women’s Refugee Commission
94. Young Center for Immigrant Children’s Rights
95. Zomi Refugee Committee
State and Local Organizations:
96. Adhikaar for Human Rights and Social Justice
97. Al Otro Lado
98. American Baptist Churches of Nebraska.
99. Anti Dictatorship in Burma – DMVPA
100. APANO
101. Asian Americans Advancing Justice Southern California (AJSOCAL)
102. Ayuda
103. Buen Vecino
104. CAMBA, Inc./ CAMBA Legal Services, Inc.
105. Chacón Center for Immigrant Justice
106. Chin Baptist Church of Houston
107. Church Women United in New York State
108. Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights (CHIRLA)
109. Colorful Myanmar
110. Dorothy Day Catholic Worker, Washington DC
111. Estrella del Paso (Formerly Diocesan Migrante and Refugee Svcs Inc)
112. Family Action Network Movement
113. Friends of Thien Am Monastery
114. Frontera Federation
115. Heartfelt Tidbits
116. Heartland Human Care Services, Inc.
117. Illinois Coalition for Immigrant and Refugee Rights
118. Illinois Venezuelan Alliance
119. Immigrant and Refugee Community Organization (IRCO)
120. Immigrant Defenders Law Center (ImmDef)
121. Immigration Support Services Network
122. Interfaith Council of Sacramento and Scientology
123. International Institute of Akron
124. International Institute of Metropolitan St. Louis
125. International Institute of Minnesota
126. International Institute of New England
127. International Institute of Wisconsin
128. Jewish Vocational Services Kansas City
129. Karen Community of Minnesota
130. Karen Organization of San Diego
131. La Comunidad, Inc
132. La Maestra Family Clinic, Inc.
133. Latino Policy Forum
134. Louisiana Organization for Refugee and Immigrants
135. Miami Valley Immigration Coalition
136. MYANMAR ASSOCIATION OF HAWAII
137. Myanmar Buddhist Association of Hawaii
138. Nationalities Service Center
139. New York City Burmese Community (NYCBC)
140. New York Immigration Coalition
141. Ohio Immigrant Alliance
142. Overseas Burmese Christian Fellowship
143. Pacific Gateway Center
144. Pax Christi Florida
145. Refugee Women Rising
146. Restoring Dignity
147. Rohingya Culture Center
148. Save Myanmar (San Francisco)
149. Sisters of St. Dominic of Blauvelt, NY
150. The Simple Foundation
151. University of San Francisco Immigration & Deportation Defense Clinic
152. Venezuelans and Immigrants Aid (VIA)
153. WESPAC Foundation, Inc.
154. Wilco Justice Alliance (Williamson County, Texas)
155. Wind of the Spirit Immigrant Resource Center
156. Zomi Association of United States
157. Zomi Catholic Community Portland
Endnotes
[1] U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Myanmar’s Human Rights Crisis: In Freefall with Insufficient International Attention, https://sway.cloud.microsoft/Cz0UaYNQrtdSmWjS?ref=Link (last visited Apr. 8, 2025).
[2] Amnesty Int’l, Myanmar: Urgently Facilitate Access to Humanitarian Aid for Earthquake Survivors, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/03/myanmar-urgently-facilitate-access-to-humanitarian-aid-for-earthqua ke-survivors/ (last visited Apr. 8, 2025).
[3] Int’l Org. for Migration, IOM Urgently Seeks USD 17.3 Million to Support Communities Hit Hardest by Myanmar Earthquake (Apr. 3, 2025), https://www.iom.int/news/iom-urgently-seeks-usd-173-million-support-communities-hit-hardest-myanmar-earthquake.
[4] Extension and Redesignation of Burma (Myanmar) for Temporary Protected Status, 89 Fed. Reg. 20,682 (Mar. 25, 2024). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/03/25/2024-06104/extension-and-redesignation-of-burma-myanmarfor-temporary-protected-status.
[5] U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Servs., Office of Performance & Quality, Temporary Protected Status Applications by Nationality and Case Status (PAER0015827, queried Nov. 2024)
[6] U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Servs., Office of Performance & Quality, Temporary Protected Status Applications by Nationality and Case Status (PAER0016753, queried Feb. 2025)
[7] FWD.us, Temporary Protected Status Report 2025, https://www.fwd.us/news/temporary-protected-status-report-2025/ (last visited Apr. 8, 2025).
[8] Immigration and Nationality Act § 244, 8 U.S.C. § 1254a (2018).
[9] ReliefWeb, Myanmar: Earthquake HNRP Flash Addendum, Apr. 2025, https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-earthquake-hnrp-flash-addendum-issued-april-2025.
[10] Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, A Third of Myanmar’s Population Faces Food Insecurity, UN Human Rights Experts Warn, Mar. 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/03/third-myanmars-population-faces-food-insecurity-un-human-rights-e xperts.
[11] Center for Disaster Philanthropy, 2025 Myanmar and Thailand Earthquake, https://disasterphilanthropy.org/disasters/2025-myanmar-and-thailand-earthquake/ (last visited Apr. 10, 2025).
[12] Myanmar’s Earthquake Death Toll Rises to 3,798, Tripura Times (Apr. 30, 2025), https://tripuratimes.com/ttimes/myanmars-earthquake-death-toll-rises-to-3798-26984.html.
[13] UNHCR, Myanmar Situation, https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/myanmar.
[14] Rebecca Ratcliffe et al., Broken and in the Grip of Civil War, Can Myanmar Rebuild After Earthquake?, The Guardian (Apr. 5, 2025), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/05/myanmar-earthquake-rebuild-junta-civil-war.
[15] Jonathon Foster & Thinn Thinn Hlaing, Earthquake Pushes Myanmar’s Health System to Verge of Collapse, Think Global Health (Apr. 8, 2025), https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/earthquake-pushes-myanmars-health-system-verge-collapse.
[16] Rebecca Ratcliffe, Myanmar Junta Accused of Blocking Aid for Earthquake Victims as Airstrikes Continue, The Guardian (Apr. 1, 2025), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/01/myanmar-earthquake-junta-accused-blocking-aid.
[17] Charlie Campbell, Myanmar’s Junta Is Blocking Earthquake Recovery Aid as Civil War Rages, Time (Apr. 3, 2025), https://time.com/7273653/myanmar-junta-earthquake-recovery-aid-civil-war-explainer.
[18] BBC News, Myanmar Earthquake: Hundreds Dead After Powerful Tremor, BBC News (Apr. 1, 2025), https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp31wk21zveo.
[19] Quentin Sommerville, Myanmar’s Army Vowed a Ceasefire After the Earthquake. I Saw Them Break It Repeatedly, BBC News (Apr. 28, 2025), https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9e89knm9lo.
[20] Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, UN Expert Calls for Emergency Security Council Action to Address Ceasefire, Apr. 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/04/un-expert-calls-emergency-security-council-action-address-ceasefir e.
[21] BBC News, Myanmar Earthquake: Aid Efforts Hampered by Ongoing Conflict, BBC News (Apr. 2, 2025), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-65646054.
[22] Human Rights Watch, Myanmar Junta Blocks Lifesaving Cyclone Aid, June 20, 2023, https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/06/20/myanmar-junta-blocks-lifesaving-cyclone-aid.
[23] 2021 Myanmar Coup d’état, Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/2021-Myanmar-coup-d-etat
[24] U.S. Dep’t of State, 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Burma, https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/burma/
[25] Assistance Association for Political Prisoners, https://aappb.org/ (last visited Apr. 30, 2025).
[26] UN News, Myanmar: UN Calls for Increased Humanitarian Access Amid Escalating Conflict, Sept. 2024, https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/09/1154111.
[27] ReliefWeb, Status of Human Rights and Sanctions in Myanmar: January 2025 Report, Jan. 2025, https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/status-human-rights-sanctions-myanmar-january-2025-report.
[28] UN News, Myanmar: UN Calls for Increased Humanitarian Access Amid Escalating Conflict, Sept. 2024, https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/09/1154111.
[29] Human Rights Watch, Myanmar: Rohingya at Risk Amid Rakhine Fighting, Feb. 9, 2024, https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/02/09/myanmar-rohingya-risk-rakhine-fighting.
[30] Human Rights Watch, Myanmar: New Atrocities Against Rohingya, Aug. 22, 2024, https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/08/22/myanmar-new-atrocities-against-rohingya.
[31] U.S. Dep’t of State, 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Burma, https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/burma/
[32] U.S. Comm’n on Int’l Religious Freedom, Hearing: Burma in Transition: Next Steps to Advance Religious Freedom and Improve Conditions for Religious Refugees (Feb. 27, 2025), https://www.uscirf.gov/events/hearings/burma-transition-next-steps-advance-religious-freedom-and-improve-condition s.
[33] U.S. Comm’n on Int’l Religious Freedom, Country Update: Religious Freedom Conditions in Burma (Oct. 2024), https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/2024-05/Burma.pdf.
[34] European Parliament Resolution of 7 October 2021 on the Human Rights Situation in Myanmar, Including the Situation of Religious and Ethnic Groups (2021/2905(RSP)), 2021 O.J. (C 132) 123, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2021-0417_EN.html.
[35] UN News, Myanmar: UN Warns of Escalating Violence and Humanitarian Crisis, Feb. 2024, https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/02/1146802.
[36] Grant Peck, Myanmar Will Start Drafting 5,000 People a Month into the Military Soon. Some Think of Fleeing, AP News (Feb. 13, 2024), https://apnews.com/article/025d7ce94293244ee356050cbfa031e0.
[37] Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Myanmar Military Junta Poses Even Greater Threat to Civilians as It Imposes Military Conscription, Feb. 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/02/myanmar-military-junta-even-greater-threat-civilians-it-imposes-military.
[38] BBC News, Myanmar Conscription Law Sparks Fear Among Youth, BBC News (Feb. 21, 2025), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-68345291.
[39] Zan, Hein Htoo, Junta Administrators Soliciting Bribes, Promising to Exempt Families from Conscription, Myanmar Now (Jan. 9, 2025), https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/junta-administrators-soliciting-bribes-promising-to-exempt-families-from-conscriptio n/.
[40] U.S. Dep’t of State, Burma (Myanmar) International Travel Information, https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/International-Travel-Country-Information-Pages/Burma.ht ml.
[41] UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, Four Years on from the Military Coup in Myanmar: Joint Statement, Jan. 31, 2025, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/four-years-on-from-the-military-coup-in-myanmar.
[42] U.S. Dep’t of State, U.S. Relations With Burma, https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-burma/.
[43] Press Release, U.S. Dep’t of the Treasury, Treasury Sanctions Burma Warlord and Militia Tied to Cyber Scam Operations (May 5, 2025), https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0129.
[44] James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, H.R. 7776, 117th Cong. (2022), https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/7776/text.
[45] BRAVE Burma Act, H.R. 3190, 119th Cong. (2025), https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/3190/text
[46] NBC News, Myanmar Earthquake: U.S. Rescuers Absent as USAID Faces Challenges, NBC News (Apr. 5, 2025), https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/myanmar-earthquake-us-rescuers-absent-usaid-rcna199823.