¹ Prince Zeid Ra’ad Zeid al-Hussein, “A Comprehensive Strategy to Eliminate Future Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations,” Report to the UN Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations, (A/59/710), February 24, 2005.

² United Nations Security Council, “Statement by the President,” Distributed May 31, 2005.

³ Shana Swiss, “Violence Against Women during the Liberian Civil Conflict,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 279 (8), 1998.

⁴ “Human Rights Monitors Study Impact of Sexual Violence During Liberia’s Civil War,” Press Release, UN Development Programme Liberia, March 2, 2004.

⁵ UNHCR and Save the Children-UK, “Sexual Violence and Exploitation: The Experience of Refugee Children in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone Based on Initial Findings and Recommendations from Assessment Mission 22 October – 30 November 2001”, 2002.

⁶ US Department of State, Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Haiti, 2004.

⁷ “Military Academies and Sex Abuse: 15 Years of Failure,” USA Today, August 25, 2005; Ann Scott Tyson, "Reported Cases of Sexual Assault in Military Increase," Washington Post, May 7, 2005; Chris Shumway, "Sexualized Violence Against Female Soldiers Going Largely Unpunished," The New Standard, June 15, 2004.

⁸ Andrew Salmon, “South Korea Targets Sex Trade for Now,” International Herald Tribune, October 19, 2004.

⁹ Zeid al-Hussein, p. 9.

¹⁰ Kate Holt and Sarah Hughes, “Sex and Death in the Heart of Africa,” The Independent, May 25, 2004.

¹¹ Angela MacKay, "Sex and the Peacekeeping Soldier: The New UN Resolution," Peace News, June 2001-31 August 2001; Colum Lynch, "U.N. Faces More Accusations of Sexual Misconduct," The Washington Post, March 13, 2005.

¹² Elise Barth, “The United Nations Mission in Eritrea/Ethiopia: Gender(ed) Effects,” in Gender Aspects of Conflict Interventions: Intended and Unintended Consequences, ed. L. Olsson et al. Oslo International Peace Research Institute, 2004.

¹³ Robert Capps, “Sex-Slave Whistle-Blowers Vindicated,” Salon.com, August 6, 2002, ; “Hopes Betrayed: Trafficking of Women and Girls to Post-Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina for Forced Prostitution,” Human Rights Watch, 2002; Sarah E. Mendelson, “Barracks and Brothels: Peacekeepers and Human Trafficking in the Balkans,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2005.

¹⁴ Colum Lynch, “Misconduct, Corruption by US Police Mar Bosnia Mission,” The Washington Post, May 29, 2001.

¹⁵ “PeaceWomen: Gender and Peacekeeping Index,” Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.

¹⁶ Paul Higate, “Case Studies: The Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sierra Leone,” Gender and Peacekeeping, Monograph No. 91, Institute for Security Studies, 2003.

¹⁷ United Nations, “Evaluation of Emergency Rapid Response to Sexual Exploitation and Abuse Allegations in Bunia from July 2004,” Internal UN document, 2004.

¹⁸ Zeid al-Hussein, p. 19.

¹⁹ United Nations, Windhoek Declaration: [On the 10th Anniversary of the United Nations Transitional Assistance Group (UNTAG)] The Namibia Plan of Action on ‘Mainstreaming A Gender Perspective In Multidimensional Peace Support Operations,’ Namibia, May 2000.

²⁰ For a longer, more detailed description of this see: April O’Neill and Leora Ward, “Mainstreaming or Maneuvering? Gender and Peacekeeping in West Africa,” Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, 2005.

²¹ United Nations, “Secretary-General's Report on Women, Peace and Security,” (S/2004/814), October 13, 2004, p. 7.

²² United Nations, “Report of the Panel on the United Nations Peace Operations,” August, 2000; Cliff Bernath and Sarah Martin, “Peacekeeping in West Africa: A Regional Report,” Refugees International, 2004.

²³ United Nations, “Report of the Secretary-General,” (S/2002/1154), October 25, 2002.

²⁴ United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Standardized Training Generic Modules.

²⁵ Higate, p. 18.

²⁶ Sarah Martin and Peter Gantz, “Haiti: Sexual Exploitation by UN Peacekeepers Likely to be a Problem,”  Refugees International, March 7, 2005.

²⁷ United Nations, “UN Establishes Peacekeeping Conduct and Discipline Units,” Press Release, March 8, 2005.

²⁸ Sarah Martin, “Liberia: UNMIL’s Crackdown on Trafficking Puts Women at Risk,” Refugees International, May 10, 2004.

²⁹ Sarah Martin and Michelle Brown, “DDRR in Liberia: Do it Quickly -- But Do it Right!” Refugees International, December 3, 2003.

³⁰ Zeid al-Hussein, p. 9.

³¹ Zeid al-Hussein, p. 19.

³² United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Standardized Training Generic Modules.

³³ Higate, p. 46.

³⁴ United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Standardized Training Generic Modules.

³⁵ Zeid al-Hussein, p. 19.

³⁶ United Nations, “Internal Memo from SRSG of MINUSTAH,” January 20, 2005.

³⁷ For a further discussion on the phenomenon of UN peacekeeping operations and the emergence of multi-million dollar sex industries, see Higate, p. 21. Also, see Mendelson, for more information on the aftereffects of the UN Peacekeeping Mission in Bosnia and trafficking of women in the Balkans.

Conclusion

Refugees International's Recommendations

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Notes

Annex: UN Code of Conduct for Peacekeepers

Acknowledgements

List of Acronyms